Recombinant Dna Technology As An Environment For Separation

Recombinant DNA technology is genetic engineering process for forming a new gene. The gene required is taken from the donor and joined with the carrier gene which is then inserted into the vector. This method is used to create a vector containing gene from Bacteria sp Yp1 and Esterobacter asburae YT1, which are then inserted to egg through microinjection. Microinjection is a process where screw held syringe is loaded with required DNA or RNA and inserted to animal cell. By this technique the cloned gene is inserted to egg of earthworm. The egg hatchs and develops further producing transgenetic species having gene of gut bacteria. Sodium dodecyl sulphate PolyAcrylamide Gel Electroporesis (SDS-PAGE) is a technique used for separating protein based on their size and structure [14]. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is an anionic agent applied on proteins for linearizing them and to impart negative charge on the proteins. When electric field is applied on protein covered with negative charge, they move towards positive pole but no size separation can be seen. So PolyAcylamide gel is used as an environment for separation. As electric potential is applied on proteins present in PAGE, it creates even distribution of charge per unit mass resulting in fractionation of protein based on their size[15]. SDS-PAGE is useful technique for acquiring the required protein. Once the transgenic Earthworm is created, this technique can be used to acquire the specific protein/enzyme responsible forShow MoreRelatedBiological Molecules Like Nucleic Acids And Polysachharides2245 Words   |  9 Pagessource. Then amplification of these i solated genes is done. Amplification is done by the insertion of the target gene into a specified vector. Vector is also a DNA sequence molecule. The vector that has foreign gene in now a recombinant DNA. It replicates in cells after insertion in living cells. As vector gets replicates, the recombinant DNA (rDNA) also gets replicate. This gene expresses the protein. This expressed protein is then purified and further analysis can be done (Ausubel et al., 2002).Read More Clones Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the past few centuries, technology has reached a new level. With breakthroughs from the invention of electricity to the development of the Internet, these advances have made a huge impact on society. Every day brings the question of what will come next, and what technologies will further enhance the world. Science fiction novels and movies are essentially based on the wonder of future technologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of t echnology is cloning. The word clone is usedRead MoreEffects of GMOS3836 Words   |  16 Pages The techniques used to carry out genetic modification are known as genetic engineering techniques. The recombinant DNA technology is used for creating a new set of genes by combining the DNA molecules from different sources. The DNA is transferred into the organism in question and it results into the formation of two different types of GMOs (transgenic and cisgenic) based on the origin of DNA being used. Transgenic organisms are formed by inducing exogenous genes called transgenes in an organismRead MoreAp Biology2177 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"copy†= DNA replication -when DNA is copied- interphase, S phase of cell cycle -recognition of origin site on DNA -concept of unwinding enzyme (helicase) -RNA primer (RNA primase) -DNA polymerase- adds complementary nucleotides to DNA template strand -concept of complementary relationship among bases-semiconservative antiparallel backbones and 5’ - 3’ generation of new segments -DNA ligase- hooks Okazawki fragments together -Other- telomere replication, proofing by DNA polymeraseRead MoreThe Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction1823 Words   |  8 Pagesalso known as PCR, a technology that has made a tremendous impact on researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. Scientists found it extremely difficult to get a specific DNA in quantity from theRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pageslectures 3, 4, and including Chapter 2 1. Difference occurs in the sequence of long chain molecules and becomes information in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? (A) fresh fruit (B) rice (C) pasta (D) oatmeal (E) all of the above are significant sourcesRead MoreDried Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production6983 Words   |  28 PagesDehydration is the use of aluminum oxide to produce ethylene (Jim Clark, 2003). Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction (Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia). Ethanol, having a chemical composition of C2H5OH, is often called as ethyl alcohol. Ethylene is an organic compound, a hydrocarbon with the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorlessRead MoreAnatomy Of The Bacterial Spirochete2771 Words   |  12 Pagesimmunoblot assays using lysates from B. burgdorferi grown under unfed and fed tick conditions to determine the surface localization and environmental preferences of BB0173 expression. Cell adhesion was investigated by determining the ability of purified recombinant BB0173 to bind to cellular components. BB0173 was tested for binding with the ECM components: plasma and cellular Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, Decorin, Elastin, Vitronectin and Aggrecan. In silico analysis demonstrates BB0173 to be a transmembrane proteinRead MoreCell Biology Final Essay30093 Words   |  121 Pages_______ in eukaryotic cells. A) ribosomes B) oxidative phosphorylation C) DNA molecules -D) a nucleus 2. Cytoplasmic organelles are - A) absent in prokaryotic cells; present in eukaryotic cells. B) present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. C) present in prokaryotic cells; absent in eukaryotic cells. D) absent in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain _______ DNA molecules. A) single linear B) single circular -C) multiple linear Read More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesgenetically-engineered foods) and representng lab-created GMOs or genetically-modified organisms. By Nathan Batalion, ND We are confronted with what is undoubtedly the single most potent technology the world has ever known - more powerful even than atomic energy. Yet it is being released throughout our environment and deployed with superficial or no risk assessments - as if no one needs to worry an iota about its unparalleled powers to harm life as we know it - and for all future generations. Updated

Ludwig van Beethoven Biography Free Essays

In the month of December 1770, Ludwig van Beethoven was born to Johann van Beethoven and Maria Magdalena Keverich in the town of Bonn. Ludwig was named after his grandfather, Kappellmeister, the most respected musician in Bonn. Ludwig van Beethoven was the eldest son, and had two younger brothers, Nikolaus Johann and Caspar Carl. We will write a custom essay sample on Ludwig van Beethoven Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beethoven’s father, Johann, taught his son to play instruments at a young age. He made Ludwig practice strenuously and most likely struck his son across the knuckles when Ludwig would make a error. Johann was an avid alcoholic and often woke the boy up in the night to play. Despite his father’s tiring persistence, the young Beethoven loved music and his extraordinary talent was manifest. Some years before Ludwig’s birth, Johann van Beethoven had heard of the child prodigy Mozart who made a great profit from performing all over Europe. This inspired Johann to make money off of Ludwig, therefore, in March of 1778 seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven performed in Sternengasse. No one knows how Ludwig’s concert went; whether or not it went well or Johann’s emotions on the performance. Not long after Beethoven’s concert, his father put him in school. Ludwig had difficulty making friends with his fellow classmates and was teased at school for his dark features, the schoolchildren calling him a Spaniard. Not long after, Johann van Beethoven pulled his son out of school to improve upon Ludwig’s musical talent in 1781. Beethoven soon surpassed his father, and Johann sought to find a suitable teacher. He stumbled upon Christian Gottlob Neefe, an accomplished composer and conductor who came to the town of Bonn because of its reputation of the arts. Ludwig highly respected and admired his new teacher. Neefe taught Beethoven for 6 years, and then in March 1787 Ludwig was funded to travel to Vienna and meet the great musician Mozart. Very little is known about his encounter with the famed composer, but that Beethoven stayed in Vienna for two weeks. While in Vienna, Johann van Beethoven sent word that his wife had fallen ill. Ludwig left at once, and when he arrived in Bonn his mother’s sickness had turned fatal. So in the month of July 1787, Maria Magdalena Keverich passed away. Ludwig van Beethoven was now head of the family. Beethoven’s father, Johann’s drinking worsened after the death of Maria Magdalena; leading to getting arrested after becoming seriously drunk in public. His actions caused him to be discharged from court service and further humiliating the family. Johann van Beethoven died the month of December in 1792. Beethoven’s hearing was beginning to leave him in 1797. For some time he tried to keep it a secret, and meanwhile the great musician composed many complex pieces including Piano Sonata in C minor, the â€Å"Pathetique†, and his First Symphony. In 1801 Beethoven became piano teacher to Countess Giulietta Guicciardi. The social ranking between them was obvious, yet the two fell in love. Luwig even proposed marriage but Giulietta’s father would not hear of it. Despite this rejection Ludwig van Beethoven composed â€Å"Moonlight Sonata† and dedicated it to the Countess. Beethoven had many doctors examine him and had been prescribed a lot of bizarre remedies, and then in the early months of 1802 a certain Dr. Johann Adam Schmidt advised Ludwig to move away from the dusty, bustling Vienna. The doctor had an acquaintance who happened to be the possessor of a cottage in the quaint village of Heiligenstadt. There Beethoven could rest in solitude, with the company of a friend’s son, Ferdinand Ries. Ludwig also pieced together his Second Symphony and other compositions. On returning to Vienna after six months, Beethoven was employed at the Theater an der Wien as a composer-in-residence. Carl moved in with him, which was a high disadvantage hence Beethoven had never been close to his brothers. The brothers’ living together must have caused a lot of friction between them, yet the Third Piano Concerto was completed along with Christus am Olberge, an oratorio. In the spring of 1806, Ludwig van Beethoven’s brother Carl was married to Johanna Reiss, and three months later their son Karl was born. Over the course of those years Beethoven composed his Third Symphony, Eroica, his Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Symphony, and his Fourth Piano Concerto. During these years Beethoven also fell in love with a few more women. In 1810 he wrote Fur Elise and at the top of the page was found these words, â€Å"For Elise on 27 April to remind you of L. V. Bthvn.† It is believed that Elise is Therese Malfatti, since the piece of music had been found in her belongings forty-one years after her death. Two years later, he wrote the legendary Immortal Beloved letters in a hotel located in Teplice. In the year of 1815, Beethoven’s brother Carl fell ill and passed away, leaving Ludwig the guardian of his five-year-old nephew Karl. For over three years, Beethoven fought against Johanna in court over the guardianship of Karl and won. Ludwig van Beethoven’s health was slowly declining the last eight years of his life. He had symptoms â€Å"and it concerned his digestive system. He complained of bloated stomach, colic, diarrhoea, indigestion.† Despite his health issues along with his severe deafness, Beethoven composed â€Å"Hammerklavier† and several of the Piano Sonatas, Opp 109, 110, and 111, along with the Ninth Symphony and the Late Quartets. These pieces were considered to be the musician’s greatest body of work ever composed. Over this time, Beethoven started compiling his myriad of conversation books, in which he used to communicate with people. It is estimated to have been about 400 of these books, but only 136 have survived today. In the year of 1826, Ludwig van Beethoven became fatally ill and had four surgeries, drawing fluid that had gathered in his stomach. On March 24th 1827, the acclaimed composer fell into a coma, and two days later he uttered his last breath. The world shall evermore remember this man and his music, the effect that he had on humankind. His music that has inspired and fascinated many people for generations after his death shall still do so, and forever be loved. How to cite Ludwig van Beethoven Biography, Papers

Throwaway society free essay sample

Nowadays a growing throw-away culture causes people to throw away their goods and replace them with new, latest technology ones available on the market. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this culture for our society. The advancements in technology gives rise to an over production of goods. This may cause excessive consumerism and there by the development of a throw away culture,which tend to buy new devices by trashing or replacing their old ones. This essay focuses on the pros and cons of this dumb-away culture. To begin with the advantages of buying the latest models of commodities. Firstly,by come across with latest types of any gadget may help us to be more attached to the dynamic world and can easily get along with the ultra modern advancements in the field of technology. One another major advantage of this culture is that,which helps to avoid certain negative impacts of old version products. We will write a custom essay sample on Throwaway society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance,in olden times, refrigirator was one of the major cause of the emmission of chloro fluro carbon,was said to be the cause of ozone rupture. Nowadays advanced refrigirator has been invented without causing any damage to nature. By buying such echo friendly products, it is quiet easy to retain the natural balance. On the drawbacks side, this kind of practices may lead to excessive financial loss. Majority of products cost much higher during the initial sales and gradually the price value decreases. So buying things soon after its arrival may seriously affects the overall economy of the society. More over this culture is having a great negative effect on the equlbrium of ecosystem. For example, the excessive trashing of materials those are unable to decompose such as plastics may leaves serious threats to the ecosystem. As this trend of throwing old and buying new has both positive and negative impacts,i am of the view that, the manufacturer of such products should arrange possible way to re-cycle their old products and make use of these in making new versions. This helps to reduce the cost of production and price of that particular product along with protecting our nature. Throwaway society free essay sample Introduction It is an old proverb saying â€Å"dont throw away the old bucket until you know whether the new one holds water†. It means that we should use the resources that we have to its fullest, before getting new resources and throwing away the old ones. What we don’t understand right now is that we are throwing so much that it’s likely to have fewer resources in the future. There are many reasons, to why we throw away the old resources; one of them is improving the standard of living by changing the household product and changing the furniture. Another reason is the increasing demand for food product, which plays a very important role in polluting our environment. Although many attempt are made to reduce the waste product by introducing the recycling concept and decomposing process, its not enough because we produce more waste products then we can recycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Throwaway society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The title throwaway society has both good and bad implication. For instance it suggests that a country with good economy does not have to worry about the repairing and reusing of old goods. It’s simply better to buy a new one or to replace it with a better good. In developing countries it could be viewed as luxury because in developing countries normally people would first try to fix the goods and reuse it. However the negative impact of throwaway society is much more and mainly effects our environment by producing waste products. The more we throw away the more resources are harvested and more energy is used. Which would affect us in long term. The environmentalist suggests to â€Å"reduce, recycle and reuse†. They would prefer to reuse a product to recycling because it is more environments friendly than recycling. Since recycling has to go through process before it could be put in use again. According to the environmentalist bot reusing and recycling helps in reduce the extraction of natural resources and saving energy.

Kennedy Assassination Essays - Single-bullet Theory,

Kennedy Assassination Adolf Hitler, the Nazi dictator of Germany during World War II, once said, "The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it." Although this may sound ludicrous, we can see many example of this in the world's history. One example would have to be the John Fitzgerald Kennedy assassination. For over thirty years the people of the United States were led to believe that a single gunman shot and killed Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m... However, in this paper, I will dispute the ancient analization of the facts that show a single gunman was involved, and try to show that a conspiracy must have been present.According to the old facts regarding the case of the JFK assassination, Kennedy was killed by a single gunman. On November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST (Central Standard Time),Kennedy was riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. At this time, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck by a sniper. He was then taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital,where he was pronounced dead. Later, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, at a nearby theater. By the next morning, Oswald was booked for the murder of President John F. Kennedy. Two days later, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, while he was being moved from the city to the county jail. At a glance, the above story sounds as if this should be an open-and-shut case. After all, according to the facts above, Oswald must have killed Kennedy. However, you must take a deeper look into this case. Many people who witnessed the murder of John F. Kennedy dispute the facts above, saying that they heard shots from places besides the book depository, and other things that may contradict what is stated above. One of these witnesses, Abraham Zapruder, captured the entire assassination on his Bell and Howell eight millimeter movie camera. This movie, cleverly called the Zapruder Film,is the single best piece of visual evidence in this case. In order to more clearly understand the Zapruder Film, it is necessary to break it down into frames. The particular Bell and Howell movie camera that Zapruder was using ran at eighteen and three-hundredths (18.3) frames per second. When using this frame system, you must remember that all shots were actually fired several frames before the number that is assigned to them. For example, the fatal heard wound, called Z313, was probably fired at Z310, since it took 2-3 frames at 18.3 frames per second for the bullet to reach the victim. Also, you must remember that sound travels at about one thousand-one hundred(1,100) feet per second, or a little over half as fast as the Mannlicher Carcano's bullets. When keeping this in mind, it is expected that witnesses heard the shot at some point after the bullet passed. The following shows a break down of the frames of the Zapruder film: - The Presidential limousine first comes into view at frame 133 (the starting point of this timeline.) - The first shot at (or just before) Z187 would have passed through both Governor Connally and the President. - The second shot, which passed above the limousine at Z284, missed the President and hit the curb near witness James Tague. This caused his minor wound. - At Z313, the fatal shot occurs, which blew out major portions of the Presidents brain and skull. - A fourth shot occurred at Z323 (slightly 1/2 second after the fatal wound at Z313). Due to the proximity of this report to the one at Z313, as well as it's more distant origin, most witnesses were unable to hear this shot. Thus, the above is when the bullets hit either Kennedy or Connelly, or passed through the frames of the Zapruder film (in the case of the second shot). Of the one-hundred seventy-eight (178) witnesses at Daley Plaza, one-hundred thirty-two 132) said that they hear exactly three shots. If Oswald was a single gunman, it would have taken him at least 2.3 seconds to reload his Mannlicher Carcano rifle. However, the general consensus of the witnesses is that they heard a single shot, followed by silence, with the second and third shots bunched together. For example, Lee Bowers, one of the witnesses, testified, "I heard three shots, one, then a slight pause, then two very close together." Also, Warren W. Taylor, a Secret Service agent, said, "As a matter of course, I opened the door and prepared to get out of the car.

Rudy Giulianis Leadership essays

Rudy Giuliani's Leadership essays Giuliani first learned the importance of loyalty as a leader while working as a clerk under Judge Lloyd MacMahon. Giuliani saw first hand the devotion the judge had to those who worked for him, and the strength of the relationships built when the devotion was returned. Because of this, giuliani made loyalty his cornerstone. The judge was an exceptional leader and got those who worked for him to believe in themselves and accomplish more than they thought they could. He was also well organized, always pressing, and always expecting more from giuliani and his other staff than they thought they could deliver. Yet he never asked others to work harder than he was willing to work himself. The judge also taught giuliani the importance of the need to communicate and persuade, not just rule by decree. Over the next few years, Judge MacMahon laid the foundation for the leader he hoped he would be. Years later, while serving in President Reagans Justice Department, giuliani again observed the benefits of a leaders loyalty to his team. He noticed how president Reagan would risk his popularity because of his personal loyalty to the people who had helped elect him and worked for him. He took note of the boost in morale as a result. Because of this, he decided it was imperative for a leader (especially one in politics)to embrace those on his team who are publicly attacked. While in office as mayor, giuliani made it a point to go out of his way to make someone who was unfairly attacked to feel important either by promoting them or by giving a speech to show them how cherished they are. Giuliani believed this reassured those that worked for him that he would not abandon them at the first sign of trouble. This also showed the world that he would stand behind his employees and therefore removed some of the incentive to attack. He also knew that a leader who distances himsel f from his staff might ...

Easy Science Fair Projects

Easy Science Fair Projects Science fair projects dont have to be complicated. The trick to creating a  simple science fair project is choosing  a project idea that uses easy-to-find materials and requires little time. The  science projects  listed below fit the bill. You can create most without any supplies or with common items you have in your house, garage, or classroom. The projects are sectioned by topic: Each one is topped by one or two questions and fully explained in two to four sentences.   The Body and Senses The human body is a great platform for creating easy science projects. The ability to breath, taste, smell and hear all are great starting points as the ideas in this section demonstrate. Does age make a difference in lung capacity? Does gender? Does smoking versus nonsmoking? Have different people blow up a balloon as much as they can, measure the balloon to calculate the volume of air, and analyze the data.Which sense is better at helping you identify food, taste or smell?  Cube produce with a similar texture (or mash it), blindfold your test subject  and ask him to identify the food based on how it smells. Switch the order of the foods and have your subject guess what each is according to how it tastes. Try this with different types of meat, too.Does listening to music while taking a test affect performance? Does the type of music make a difference?  Set this up by having your subject take tests of comparable difficulty with and without music or with different types of music playing. Water and Other Liquids Fizzy soft drinks make great props for simple science projects, as do milk, juice, oil, and even plain old water.   Which carbonated soft drink stays fizzy the longest? Set your sodas on the counter and see how long they produce bubbles.Which uses more water, a bath or a shower? Stop the drain, take a bath, and then take a shower. You can mark the tub if you want a simple more-less comparison or break out the measuring cup if you want to know exactly how much water you used.Which liquids prevent seed germinations? Try sprouting seeds (uncooked beans from the grocery store will work) in various liquids, such as tap water, milk, cola, juice, or oil. The Weather and Heat The weather is always a sure bet for an easy science project, as is the concept of heat. All you need to perform the projects in this section are a thermometer, a barometer, and a common material. Can you forecast the weather yourself? Dont listen to the weather report (but do recruit someone else to record the forecasts). Use simple instruments such as a thermometer and barometer and look at the sky to predict the weather. Compare your predictions with those made by the weather service.Which color of material heats the quickest and cools the quickest? Get different colors of the same type of material and a thermometer. Which heats more quickly on a sunny day? Which cools more quickly? Or are they the same?

Database vs. Spreadsheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database vs. Spreadsheet - Essay Example In section two of this paper, overview of database and spreadsheet is given. Section three of this paper discusses various types of similarity that both MS Access and MS Excel have. In section four of the paper, the technical analysis of the software’s will be presented. And at last in section five, which software MS Access and MS Excel can be used in which situation will be discussed. A spreadsheet is a rectangular table of information. It means for the format used to present bookkeeping ledgers. The most common use of spreadsheets is to manage basic information such as telephone numbers, employee names, financial data, calculations, addresses and many more other things. Spreadsheets can store data but in actual it is not performs that job as easily as a database can perform. In actual, a spreadsheet is not considered as a database. It some thing like a robust, multifaceted calculator and data analyzer that incidentally can perform some database functions. As spreadsheets are intended to handle numerical data, they will also handle text, but they are not suited to handling complex queries and intradata relationships, so they are not used in data handling systems. Various types of spreadsheet programs that are used are KSpread, OpenOffice.org Calc or Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Excel and other spreadsheet software programs are not database management systems. They stores data in rows and columns called worksheets and areas within the worksheet, where the rows and columns intersect are called cells. Database in general is a collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search and retrieval. Database is also called as databank. In technical perspective database can be defined as a set of related files that is created and managed by a database management system (DBMS). Now these days, database management system can manage any form of data. The forma of data may include text, images, sound and video. Today some of the common database management systems

How Settlement Occurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Settlement Occurs - Essay Example Singapore’s CDP operates in an almost similar manner.The first stage of the clearing process is trading matching. This takes place immediately trade is initiated in the SGX-ST trade engine. Its trading platform is the Quotation and execution system for trading.When trade matching occurs, the CDP becomes the CCP on either side of the transaction by Novation. As a result, brokers from either side are guaranteed efficient performance. In situations of T+1, the CDP goes a step further to notify each individual of their obligations when it comes to security and money.With securities settlement, CDP effects the brokers clearing accounts by crediting the buyer and debiting the seller. The CDP apart from having an account with the clearing bank also has an account with each settling bank. The CDP also has a clearing fund to be used in situations where members are unable to clear their financial obligations.In Germany, the platform used is the Xetra.This is an order driven trading syst em.The transactions matching system is automatic. The orders are kept in a central order book free for all Xetra participants to inspect.All clearing takes place in the stock exchange. This occurs either electronically or on the floor.These are forwarded to the Clearstream system.Clearstream under the safe custody Act is charged with the responsibility of keeping and administering securities.The transactions are settled on the second day of trading(T+2).We have examined the clearing systems for the three nations.

Plato, Crito Essay Example for Free

Plato, Crito Essay In the Dialogue Crito, Socrates employs his Elenchus to examine the notion of justice and one’s obligation to justice. In the setting of the dialogue, Socrates has been condemned to die, and Crito comes with both the hopes and the means for Socrates to escape from prison. When Socrates insists that they should examine whether he should escape or not, the central question turns into whether if it is unjust to disobey laws. Socrates’ ultimate answer is that it is unjust; he makes his argument by first showing that it’s wrong to revenge injustice, then arguing that he has made an agreement with the city’s law for its benefits, and finally reasoning that he should keep to that agreement and accept its consequences. However, the examination in Crito was incompletely and its logic flawed; in making this decision, Socrates has forsaken his life for his ideal of justice. The examination was done in the elenchus, which has the structure that Socrates will start with an assumption and find contradictions to eliminate possible answers; the assumption here is that there are good reasons why Socrates should escape from prison. Socrates starts his argument by first eliminating the public opinion as a reason why he should escape. Socrates observes that concerning a person’s health, only a doctor’s opinion would matter instead of the public opinion; he then draws a parallel of that analogy to justice, that â€Å"We should not give so much thought to what the majority of people will say about us, but think instead of what the person who understands just and unjust things will say † (Crito 48b) While the public opinion would certainly urge Socrates to preserve his life, Socrates discredits it as a reason for his escape. Next Socrates assumes that since only a good life is worth living, and that living a good life is the same as living a just life (Crito 48b), Socrates should escape for his life only if it is just for him to do so. Effectively, Socrates has reduced the question to whether if it is just to disobey the law (by escaping prison and execution) to decide if he should escape. To this question, first Socrates says that he should not revenge injustice. Because doing injustice is bad in any circumstances (Crito 49b), to return injustice just because of having injustice done onto himself would bad also (Crito 49c). Therefore Socrates should not commit injustice just to get even with Athens. Injustice is bad because it harms, and disobedience to the law would harm the city (Crito 50b); so it seems that to disobey the law would be an injustice. But why should Socrates obey the law of the city? Socrates reasons that since the city has done him great benefactions, such as giving birth to his life, taking care of his physical upbringing and his education, and granting him long years of benefits from the legal system (Crito 50e 51c), Socrates owns the state a strong duty of gratitude just as a child would own to his father. One of those duties is to obey the state (like how a child obeys his parents), which always has included the possibility of death such as in times of war (Crito 51b). Socrates should obey the city because he has made an agreement to do so. This agreement is the social contract that he has implicitly accepted and lived under for 70 years. This contract is legitimate because Socrates had a thorough understanding of the legal system (Crito 51e 52a), he did not leave the city when he was given the fair chance all his life (Crito 51 c-e), and that he even has consciously benefited legally from this implicit agreement with law all his life. Therefore it is evident that Socrates has made such a social contract with Athens, which he has been satisfied with so far. It is just for one to keep the agreement he has made, therefore Socrates should keep the agreement made with Athens; and thus he should obey the state and its laws (Crito 53c). Furthermore, Socrates has been given the chance to convince Athens not sentence him to death, and he even could’ve proposed to be exiled that would have the same consequences as if he escapes now; if Socrates had the chance to accomplish thise with legal means when he did not, he would not be justified to do so now illegally (Crito 52c). Following this reasoning, Socrates concludes that he should not escape from prison and his eventual execution. Although Socrates’ commitment to his ideals is admirable, his reasoning is critically flawed. Socrates lacks the definition of justice throughout the discussion of justice. Socrates certainly thinks of justice as something intrinsic and absolute, instead of simply laws imposed by the state; this is evident when he refused to arrest Leon of Salamis by the order of the 30 tyrants (which is an act of disobedience) on the grounds of justice (Apology 32c). Clearly he believes that justice is higher than rulings of sovereignty. But Socrates never made clear what is this virtue that makes justice just; instead, he only vaguely calls some actions just, such as when one keeps an agreement, or behaves well towards one’s parents. It is because of this lack of definition Socrates ends up contradicting himself. For instance, Socrates makes the proposition that one should seek expert knowledge instead of following majority opinion when it comes to justice; this would imply that the justice is not related to the opinion of the majority, as well as that the majority are no expert in justice. If the social contract in the democratic Athens is assumed to be an agreement made between by the majority of the society, then justice is certainly independent from that social contract. But later Socrates argues that he has to obey the state’s laws and keep the agreement made to the state, which implies that justice is to keep the social contract (contraposition of â€Å"not keeping to the contract is unjust†). Furthermore, Socrates assumes that disobeying laws and agreements is unjust. But what is the state? It is no more than a collective of Athenians. Where do these laws come from? The majority opinion of the Athenians (in the case of the tyrants Socrates wouldn’t obey the laws anyways) and the agreements they’ve made. If indeed the laws and agreements the majority of Athenians, it seems that they determine what’s just without knowing what’s just (or else their opinion would matter! ), which would be unacceptable for Socrates. Furthermore, Socrates’ gratitude and duty towards the state does not equate obeying the state; in-fact, if killing Socrates is an injustice that would do Athens harm, then Socrates ought to do whatever that is in his power to prevent being executed by escaping to fulfill his duty of benefiting the city. There is another more fundamental flaw in Socrates’ argument. If he considers justice to be morally independent of laws, then some laws would be just and other unjust. There could be unjust laws, or just laws abused. Socrates never considered these cases of whether he indeed justly deserves the death sentence or not. Therefore to simply obey laws may not necessarily lead to justice. This argument would destroy the whole purpose of obeying laws and not escape from prison. We may speculate, if we have presented these arguments to Socrates, would he be convinced to escape prison? Perhaps not, as Socrates is already 70 and was expected to die soon anyways (the average life span for male was around 40). Dying in the name of justice, instead of old age in a distant place, is definitely more romantic and held more appeal. Furthermore, to live in exile would have no positive effect on his children, it would tarnish his reputation, and such a life in exile will not be enjoyable (Crito 53d – 54d). Therefore, it would be possible that Socrates will still choose to die as a martyr to justice and philosophy.

The Scrivener Essay -- Literary Analysis, Moby-Dick

I think the events preceding the writing of â€Å"Bartleby, The Scrivener† are just as important to understanding the story as the events transpiring within the tale itself. Melville, when he wrote the short story, was coming off of two failures, Moby-Dick and Pierre, that he thought would cement his place in the literary cannon; â€Å"Bartleby† is his way of addressing this chaotic time in his life. In the tale, Melville is being brutally honest with himself and his work: addressing the concerns of his critics through the narrator, while using Bartleby to admit his own faults in failing to gain the recognition he thought he deserved. When Moby-Dick was published in late 1851, it was met with mixed reviews. â€Å"A reviewer for the London Britannia declared it ‘a most extraordinary work’; and a reviewer in the New York Tribune proclaimed that it was ‘the best production which has yet come from that seething brain, and †¦ it gives us a higher opinion of the author’s originality and power †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Herman Melville† 2305-2306). Many critics, however, were â€Å"unhappy with the novel’s length, philosophical abstractness, and mixing of genres, and the novel quickly vanished from the literary scene without bringing Melville the critical admiration that he had expected† (2306). A particularly damning review came from the prestigious London literary magazine, Athenaeum: â€Å"The style of his tale is in places disfigured by mad (rather than bad) English; and its catastrophe is hastily, weakly, and obscurely managed† (Parker 18). What’s most interesting about Moby-Dick is that it seems to be exactly the kind of book Melville always wanted to write, knowing full well that no success would come of it. In a letter to Hawthorne he wrote, â€Å"‘What I feel most moved to wr... ...arrator to talk reason into Bartleby occurs in the scene before the new landlord calls the police to have him escorted to jail. â€Å"‘Bartleby,’ said I †¦ ‘will you go home with me now—not to my office, but my dwelling—and remain there till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? Come, let us start now, right away.’† Responds Bartleby, â€Å"‘No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all’† (Melville 2385). Bartleby isn’t willing to meet the narrator half way. â€Å"Bartleby† isn’t about whether or not the narrator did enough; it’s about whether or not Bartleby did enough. Concerning Melville: it isn’t about whether or not the critics did enough to understand his new way of writing; it was about whether or not Melville did enough to help them try and understand. In â€Å"Bartleby†Ã¢â‚¬â€through Bartleby—Melville is admitting that he did not. The Scrivener Essay -- Literary Analysis, Moby-Dick I think the events preceding the writing of â€Å"Bartleby, The Scrivener† are just as important to understanding the story as the events transpiring within the tale itself. Melville, when he wrote the short story, was coming off of two failures, Moby-Dick and Pierre, that he thought would cement his place in the literary cannon; â€Å"Bartleby† is his way of addressing this chaotic time in his life. In the tale, Melville is being brutally honest with himself and his work: addressing the concerns of his critics through the narrator, while using Bartleby to admit his own faults in failing to gain the recognition he thought he deserved. When Moby-Dick was published in late 1851, it was met with mixed reviews. â€Å"A reviewer for the London Britannia declared it ‘a most extraordinary work’; and a reviewer in the New York Tribune proclaimed that it was ‘the best production which has yet come from that seething brain, and †¦ it gives us a higher opinion of the author’s originality and power †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Herman Melville† 2305-2306). Many critics, however, were â€Å"unhappy with the novel’s length, philosophical abstractness, and mixing of genres, and the novel quickly vanished from the literary scene without bringing Melville the critical admiration that he had expected† (2306). A particularly damning review came from the prestigious London literary magazine, Athenaeum: â€Å"The style of his tale is in places disfigured by mad (rather than bad) English; and its catastrophe is hastily, weakly, and obscurely managed† (Parker 18). What’s most interesting about Moby-Dick is that it seems to be exactly the kind of book Melville always wanted to write, knowing full well that no success would come of it. In a letter to Hawthorne he wrote, â€Å"‘What I feel most moved to wr... ...arrator to talk reason into Bartleby occurs in the scene before the new landlord calls the police to have him escorted to jail. â€Å"‘Bartleby,’ said I †¦ ‘will you go home with me now—not to my office, but my dwelling—and remain there till we can conclude upon some convenient arrangement for you at our leisure? Come, let us start now, right away.’† Responds Bartleby, â€Å"‘No: at present I would prefer not to make any change at all’† (Melville 2385). Bartleby isn’t willing to meet the narrator half way. â€Å"Bartleby† isn’t about whether or not the narrator did enough; it’s about whether or not Bartleby did enough. Concerning Melville: it isn’t about whether or not the critics did enough to understand his new way of writing; it was about whether or not Melville did enough to help them try and understand. In â€Å"Bartleby†Ã¢â‚¬â€through Bartleby—Melville is admitting that he did not.

Eating Home or Eating Out Essay

To human, eating now is not only an action to survive. But it has also become one kind of culture. People now are not only care of what or how they eat. But where they eat is also important. Nowadays, people are too busy with school and work. So, most of the people think that it is more comfortable to eating out than eating at home. But in my point of view, I’d still prefer eating at home than eating out. First, your family know what you eat. I meant that if you have allergy with something or you can’t eat specific thing like spicy, your family know that and they can put that out in your dish. But if you’re in a restaurant even if you told the waiter to put out, most of them usually don’t listen to what you say. So when the dish come out and you can’t eat it, it will be a waste of money. Second, the food at home is much cheaper than the food at the restaurant. For example, if you eat a bowl of Pho at a restaurant, it will cost about 30000 dong at least. But if you buy the ingredients and make it your own it will be way more cheaper about 10000 dong. The reason of this is because the restaurant has to pay extra fees like the worker’s salary, restaurant’s renting, etc. And because they have to cut down the fee to make more profit so the food might no be as healthy as the food you make at home A survey in US show that a family can save up to 2000 dollars a year by reducing the times of eating at a restaurant. And helping your mom with the food is also fun thing to do. Third, that your family knows your taste. Somebody like to eat fried egg with onion, some like to eat with tomatoes. Because we’re family so our taste might be the same so your mom can easy know your taste. Furthermore, the one who cook a lot or a good cooker usually have a a secret cooking technique of their own that you can find no where else. Finally, eating at home can be a chance to enhance the family relationship. Life keeps getting busier so people don’t have time to share their feeling to each other. A family meal is a good chance to express your feeling. Family member can talk about their own work. This could cut your stress down. My family always eating dinner together, this make us feel warmer and happier.

Autobiography of Peter Rackley

I came into the world on the 15th of October nineteen-eighty nine at Queen Mary's hospital at 9-17 in the evening. I weighed 5lb's and 8 1/2 oz. My name is Peter Rackley and I got my name because of Greek meaning â€Å"Rock† and if you didn't already know I'm half Greek, my Mum is from Cyprus. In my immediately family I obviously have my Mum and Dad and my older brother, who just turned eighteen and my twin sister Natasha, who is four minutes older than me so I'm the youngest in the family. Before I started playschool I used to live in Plumsted, which I can't remember at all and because of me being a twin we moved so we had a four bedroom house in Bexleyheath. Just after we moved I started at Pelham playschool. It was great, all day I would play with train sets and at break play on the tricycles around the playground. Those days were great, how did I know that in a few years time I would actually be working. Then I started St Thomas more primary school, I even remember a bit of the first day which was my Mum saying â€Å"Goodbye† and me getting into a strop about not leaving me but once I got inside I was fine. One of my first memories was shortly after playschool, it was in reception, when I got my first telling off, it's still a bit vague, and all I can remember is writing water on a bit of paper wrong and the teacher started telling me off and the reason is that water was spelt in huge bubble writing on the wall. I used to go through primary school in a dream I wouldn't take anything in so I was dumb. It was only in year five when I started working, that's when we were put into sets, I was bottom for everything so my Mum got me a tutor and she was great, her name was Mrs Driscal and than with the help of her I moved forward into the top groups just into for the SATS which I got all fives in so that was good and I owe a lot of that to Mrs Driscal. My clearest and best memory of Primary school is the year six football team, we were great I think we only lost one game and we won the double (cup and league). We even played the final at my playschool. Since I'm on the subject of football I joined Kingfisher when I was five or six, I can't remember, and have played there for most of my life but it didn't work out, here's what happened I broke my first metatarsal on my right foot playing in a school game and I was out for the season. Then when I came back kingfisher changed to Bromley F.C in the Kent league which is one higher than the one I was playing in(A), it is the highest standard I can be at my age, except for playing for a professional side. But this didn't work for me because it was too quick I couldn't play at that standard yet, I needed to take my time with getting fit again and so I moved to long lane who will be moving to the Kent next year. Before I started boring you with my football history I was talking about completing my SATS and the next step was for me to leave my primary school. Everyone has a leaving party where everyone can Say goodbye but I was already taking in the sun in Spain. Even though I would prefer to be in Spain it was still a night I wanted to go to. Then because my brother went to St Columba's I went too. It was pretty nervous starting a new school but as soon as we started a lesson I liked it. We started with something I was good at, P.E and it was high jump with my most favourite P.E teacher, Mr Coker, shame he left. Secondary school has been good with the exceptions of starting coursework in year nine and studying Shakespeare. He may have been a great man but studying him and some of his plays where boring. And that's my life so far. My future will hopefully go something like this; do extremely well in G.C.S.E's and in 6th form I shall study for A levels especially P.E and get them then I don't know exactly what I want to do but I might go sports collage and get a degree in sports/science and get a job from that, but not a P.E teacher, and it will be a high paid job and I will get married and have kids and that's it, I hope you enjoyed reading this.

Absolutely unsinkable Essay Example

Absolutely unsinkable Essay Example Absolutely unsinkable Essay Absolutely unsinkable Essay The character of Mr.Birling is the main source of dramatic irony in the opening of the play. Many examples of this can be found in the text, such examples include Birling stating the Titanic was absolutely unsinkable and that war was impossible. The audience targeted for this play had the advantage of hindsight because of the play being written in 1945, therefore allowing them to realise the absurd nature of Birlings views and attitudes. Priestley is standing in opposition to Birlings views, so he makes him look as inane as possible by continually being contemptuous towards him through the role of the Inspector. With Birling living in a patriarchal society, men are the dominant sex and Birling feels the need to protect his family, which is ironic because he doesnt actually know that everyone present at that time is guilty in one way or another. By using dramatic irony within the role of Birling we know that what he is saying is actually the opposite of what will happen. This shows us that that his ideas are nonsense, and it will cause is to distrust his ideas and thoughts later on in the play. At the very beginning of the play, before we even meet any on the characters, it tells us that the lighting for Act One should be pink and intimate. This is to show that the current mood is calm and relaxed, and that the characters are quite comfortable with how everything is at that moment. The lighting then changes as soon as the inspector arrives; it goes from pink and intimate to brighter and harder. This contrast in lighting is very important; it shows us that the mood in the house is going to change and the characters are going to be interrogated in some way. We get the idea of interrogation from the way the lighting is described because the words used brighter and harder gives us the image of a blank, serious place like a police station in which interrogation takes place. This links to Priestleys social concerns for the simple reason that the characters are pleased with themselves and their current status, and do not want anything to change which could jeopardise this. The characters attitudes are a strong representation of the era they live in and show us exactly what it is that Priestley is trying to change about peoples perception of life. The doorbell signals the entrance of the inspector into the house, this is when everything changes. Birling is in the middle of his speech when the doorbell interrupts him. This is significant because just as Birling is talking about how a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own, Priestley chooses then as the right time to stop him. It is Priestleys way of stating that his attitude is entirely wrong and that he does not agree with it at all. By interrupting him, it shows the audience that Birlings ideas are corrupt and we cannot believe they are plausible. When the new major character of the inspector is introduced into the play, it has a dramatic effect on the rest of the characters. Before the inspector arrives, the characters seem to be closely bonded, a secure family unit, but as soon as the doorbell sounds, they fall to pieces. At that moment, the characters are quite satisfied with themselves, pleased with their current social status and wealth, even Birling is feeling contented, for once. The mood of the characters subsequently could not be more diverse, they panic, their dialogue suffers and none of the characters are certain what to say anymore, they are in a general state of perplexity. The character that suffers most from the introduction of the inspector is Birling himself, he goes from making extensive speeches about life and the world, to short statements and questions, which both in turn reflect the state of bewilderment he is in. Examples of this can be found when shortly before the arrival of the Inspector, Birling is talking of the old days and says, They worked us hard in those days and kept us short of cash, but when he is aware of the Inspector now being present, he begins to sound worried, An inspector? What sort of inspector? At first Birling had full control over his family, he was the manager so to speak, but when the inspector enters this superiority crumbles and Birling frantically attempts to regain this dominance. He tries to use his social status to control the situation but they are words falling on deaf ears. He uses all the possible solutions in which he feels the inspector may find intimidating, such as the fact he was an alderman for years and that he was Lord Mayor two years ago. However, the inspector takes no notice of this newly established information, and is not even concerned with the fact that Birling is still on the Bench. By the end of Act One we see that Birling has utterly no power left over the characters, and that they are all tied to Eva Smith in one way or another and there is nothing he can say or do to get them out of it. In An Inspector Calls, character exits are used to further the plot and so extend the audiences knowledge of the background to the characters. The most important uses of these character exits can be found very near the beginning and towards the end of Act One. Firstly, there is the character exit in which Sheila and Eric exit, after Birling makes an elongated statement expressing his general Edwardian views for example The worlds developing so fast itll make war impossible. This character exit is especially important as it helps us to understand the characters social and political views for later in the play. When Eric and Sheila leave, Birling and Gerald are left behind, this is significant because it leaves the older generation to express their Edwardian ideas and helps us to see Birlings character in full light as all the attention is placed on him, we would not see him the same later in the play if this had not happened. It is relevant that Eric and Sheila exit since their opinions differ to those of their father, and if they were to stay on stage then they would have argued against Birlings many speechs and then we would not get such a deep understanding of his character as he would no longer be the only focal point on stage. On the other hand, if Priestley were to leave the characters on stage but keep them quiet, then it would totally defeat the object of what he is trying to achieve; keeping them quiet while Birling continues would clearly show them not opposing their fathers views, which could ultimately mislead the audience into thinking they are in agreement with him. Secondly, it is when the inspector leaves Sheila and Gerald alone to converse about how it is that Gerald is associated with Eva Smith (known as Daisy Renton to Gerald). This character exit is used so that the two characters can be left alone to talk over the relationship between Gerald and Daisy, and so giving us additional information to what happened to Daisy prior to her committing suicide. Whats more, the characters feel intimidated when they are around the Inspector and when he leaves Gerald and Sheila alone it gives them a chance to act normally with each other, and as the Inspector is a very overpowering character, with him not being present it leaves the audience to focus on them. This broadens our familiarity of the two characters, Gerald and Sheila, as we see how they act around each other when they are alone. In addition, it shows us that Sheila and Geralds relationship is not as steady and secure as they had previously believed it to be. These character exits relate to the question as they leave behind characters so they can share their part with one another and so thicken the plot, as well as the fact that Priestley uses the exits so characters are left to widen our knowledge of them as a person and helps us understand them as the play continues. The end of Act One has many effects on the audience by not only interesting them, but also making them want to continue watching the rest of the play. One of the effects the end has is that it is left on a cliff-hanger; no one is sure what exactly is going to happen and who will be accused next. Another effect is the fact that more characters are becoming suspects, at first we got the impression he was only coming to see Birling but then we soon realised it involves more then just him, as is shown by the fact the inspector will not reveal the photo to everyone at the same time. One effect that is clearly apparent by the end of Act One is that the characters have no family loyalty left, they seem to be all thinking about themselves, which reflects on Priestleys concern of people becoming selfish and self-absorbed. The final effect the end has on the audience is when the act is finished with the inspector saying Well? This gives us the idea that he knows more is to come and is just wai ting for Gerald to continue. Almost all of Act One is ironic in retrospect, due to the fact that much of it talks of things which are history for the audience and they already know the outcome for the reason that they have the advantage of hindsight. It is ironic because when Birling talks of the Titanic being absolutely unsinkable and war being impossible, the audience know that both of these statements are incorrect due to the fact that they have both happened, and in the case of war they have even taken place twice. If you look at the book in a wider text, you will see that the whole play is actually ironic when we look back at it. The fact that the play begins with the death of Eva Smith, and then ends with the announcement of her death, is ironic because we spend the whole play going through the motions of Eva Smith before her death only to end up back where we started at the end of the play. The playwright, J.B.Priestley, changes the audiences opinion of the Birlings during Act One. The first impression given is that the Birlings are a respectable family highly regarded in their vicinity. They have worked hard to get where they are and deserve to enjoy their wealth and happiness, but this opinion differs as Act One progresses. Birling is seen as a very proud character; he is middle class but works to become higher in his social status. He is very shallow, he determines success on peoples wealth and social status and believes that he and his family are important, he is not responsible for anyone else. At the beginning of the play, they give the impression they are a close family unit and support each other throughout, but we soon see that it is in fact the total opposite, it is every man for himself, there is a sense of insincerity. The characters are self-interested and in the end are out for themselves. The only character I would say changes for the better, is Sheila. Her first impression is one of childishness, for example when Gerald presents her with the ring she says Look-Mummy-isnt it a beauty? The word Mummy we wouldnt usually associate with a girl in her early twenties. When she realises her part in the death of Eva Smith she is full of remorse and penitence. She is the only one that learns from the death and changes for the better. All of the other characters seem to be either in self-denial or are too interested in what is going to happen to them and how it will effect their reputation etc. then they are in the fact they played a part in the girls suicide. Priestley uses many methods to interest and involve the audience. He uses dramatic irony to interest the audience because he knows they understand that Birlings thoughts and ideas are nonsense, and so are found to be ironic. In addition, he plays on the fact that the audience have the use of hindsight that links to Priestleys use of dramatic irony. The audience know that Birling is wrong in what he says and it shows them to not trust his thoughts and feelings later in the play.  Another method Priestley uses, is the role of the inspector within the play, Priestley reveals his concerns through the inspector and uses him to teach the Birlings a lesson in the right way in which to live. The end of the play suggests that the interrogation of the Birlings will continue in a vicious circle until they eventually learn their lesson. I believe that Priestley is trying to get across the message of responsibility, and the fact that we all need to accept responsibility for our own actions because in the long term they not only affect us, but also the people around us. He conveys this message throughout Act One by using many dramatic devices, including making fun of Birlings Edwardian beliefs and airing his own Socialist views through the role of the Inspector. This message is still relevant today because it does not matter, what time period you live in, your actions always have a ripple effect on other people and it would be selfish not to consider others when contemplating doing something which may affect the lives of others in the short or the long term.

What to Expect From a Chinese Fortune Teller

What to Expect From a Chinese Fortune Teller Having one’s fortune told through Chinese fortune telling (ç ®â€"å‘ ½, suan ming) is a routine practice in Chinese culture. Consulting a fortune teller is nearly compulsory before major events, like Chinese New Year, wedding engagements, and the birth of children. Whether for entertainment or out of a strong belief in superstition, getting your fortune told by a Chinese fortune teller can be a memorable experience. Here is what to expect when it comes to prices, methods, and more. Cost The cost of a fortune telling session varies based on the city, fortune telling method, and what specifically the recipient wants to know. Getting an answer to one question, like finding a lover or a job, costs less than getting an overall fortune for the coming year, decade, or life. Basic fortune telling in Taipei starts at $15. Where to Find a Chinese Fortune Teller Fortune tellers can often be found in or near Buddhist and Taoist temples in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Outside of China and Taiwan, fortune tellers can also be found in Chinatowns around the world. What to Expect The fortune telling session takes place at a table or desk with the fortune teller and customer sitting across from or next to each other. In many instances, there is little privacy as fortune telling tables or booths are located next to each other with just a flimsy wall to partition them. In many large cities like Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei, it is possible to have your fortune told in English. Methods There are over a dozen types of Chinese fortune telling methods, but nearly all are based on the Chinese Almanac. The most basic method of Chinese fortune telling in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and other countries like the U.S. remains virtually the same regardless of location. All a person needs to have his or her fortune told, or that of a friend of family member, is the  first and last name, birth date, and age. For Westerners, be sure to add one year to your current age because the first year of life in Chinese culture is counted at birth whereas babies in the West do not turn one until a year after their birth. Additional information like time of birth and a person’s address is sometimes required for certain fortune telling methods. Oftentimes, fortune tellers use one or more methods to reveal your fortune. For example, palm and face readings or ‘bean’ fortune telling may be combined with  basic fortune telling  to generate a more accurate reading. Other methods that a fortune teller might use include coin divination,  Chien Tung or Chinese fortune sticks,  bird fortune telling, or using  red divination blocks to tell your fortune.

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Introduction to Business - Essay Example The safest way that a bank can safeguard my money is through insurance. What more can banks do to further ensure this is true? Effective banks with strategies of safeguarding depositors’ money should take covers against losses from insurance companies with good reputation, good history, and strong financial base. The insuring company should have been in the insurance industry for a considerably long period of time to have proven its competence. According my job, I am planning to retire at the age of 60 years. I will be no longer productive in my profession hence it will be time to rest and enjoy the fruits of my hard labor. I want to serve my people in the best way I can in order to build a base for prosperity for the future generation. Steps I have taken? I am working hard to ensure that all my children will be through with their education and living a better life before my retirement. What more do I need to be doing now to make sure it happens? I need to invest in profitable business opportunities. I am directing a good portion of my income to educating my children as well as in ventures which have promising returns by the time I retire. I am also saving part of my income in credible banking institutions. I have also engaged my income into a good life insurance scheme to cater for my old age at that time as well as my family while I am

Professional capstone project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional capstone project - Essay Example in this theory include â€Å"Carative Factors† (emotional, human and spiritual, care-giving factors), a â€Å"Caring Relationship† (the patient and nurse mutually explore for wholeness and meaning) and â€Å"Caring Moments† (constant time spent, to create a human-to-human relation, with a patient). Caring is the ethical model of nursing whereby the conclusion is enhancement, preservation and protection of human solemnity. Thus, the two individuals, i.e. a client and a nurse, partaking in a caring operation are mutually involved in a process of becoming and being (Adventist Health System, 2011). Since nursing provides a sigh of relief to the ailing patient, this theory provides an insight into the behaviors that can be utilized to apply proper care mechanism to ease the patient’s sufferings. Some of them include comforting, attentive listening, peace, honesty, responsibility, patience, rendering information to enable the patient to construct an informed conclusion, respect, sensitivity, touch as well as addressing patient by his/her name (Anonymous, 2012). Using this theory, a nurse can constitute a caring association with patients by exhibiting unconditional acceptance using a holistic intervention approach (a treatment plan that involves treating the spirit, body, soul as well as mind), spending as much as necessary time with the ailing patient and promoting health through intervention and knowledge. This theory will be applied in the project by implementing the proposed behaviors in the real world situation and reporting the outcomes generated. The factual impact of the application of simulations on scientific decision making is undetermined. Cioffi, Purcal and Arundell (2005), have developed a pilot study that employed a posttest designed to explore the impact of a simulation strategy on the decision making process within the clinic for nursing students. The findings reported suggest that the students that were provided the simulation strategy gathered more

Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law Assignment - Essay Example It is in this context that the parliament makes laws in order to govern the citizens of a country suitably, which are recognized as statue laws. The parliament comprises elected representatives entrusted with the responsibility of making laws in order to ensure that the states and the societies are governed effectively in such cases (Brassil & Brassil, 2000). Nevertheless, such courtroom practices have also been alleged of raising various ethical issues concerning the application of the enacted regulations and the various facets of the particular event being scrutinized. These arguments and skepticisms demand for a more organized and cautious judgment in cases, so that ethical conflicts can be avoided when ruling a particular case. The statement, â€Å"Judges should be cautious (in terms of making law or following precedent) not because the principles adopted by the Parliament are more satisfactory or more enlightened, but because it is unacceptable constitutionally that there shoul d be two independent sources of law-making at work at the same time† postulates a similar notion, which will be critically discussed henceforth, with reference to relevant case laws. Factually, common laws are formed with the sole intention to direct or steer the decisions made by judges are to be followed in future identical cases presented before the court. Case laws are identified as the main sources of common law, whilst the prior formulated laws are still considered important in the present day context. There are two important sources that assist in the overall development of common law, which include the ‘doctrine of precedent’ and the parliament. The doctrine of precedent is an important source of law in accordance with which, judges can make their decisions in present cases based on the decisions delivered in previous instances. The doctrine of precedent usually implies the deontological belief that lower courts are required to make their decisions in pres ented cases on the basis of decisions that are delivered in landmark cases presenting similar legal conflicts and issues. Contextually, the judges are assigned with the tasks of having a better understanding of the facts as well as information in relation to certain cases. Moreover, the judges are also required ensure that the decisions made can be applicable to later cases ascertaining that on the identification of similar facts as well as information, the judges are able to make their decisions effective, based on the decisions made in previous cases. In this context, the doctrine of precedent can be regarded as an important source of common law assisting judges in taking appropriate decisions ensuring the omission of mentionable ethical conflicts (Pearson Education Ltd, 2014). For an example, the decisions made in the case Shaw v DPP [1962] AC 220 have been used by the judges in the case of Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435 following the Parliamentary norms (e-lawresources, n.d.). On t he other hand, there were cases like Jackson and others v. Her Majesty's Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56 (House of Lords, 2006) and British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] UKHL 1 (United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions, 1974) where judges ruled with the application of the purposive methods, delivering dissenting judgments to the propounded norms by the Parliament. This further raises a noteworthy question and a degree of perplexity regarding the applicable laws and the independency of judges in ruling any particular case. Worth mentioning, the parliament is entrusted with the responsibility of making laws on the basis of which, people are to be

Foundation Stage Curriculum in Design and Technology

Foundation Stage Curriculum in Design and Technology Introduction The following study is designed to be a very brief introduction to one distinct area of the Foundation Stage Curriculum. It would be impossible to fully discuss all the issues which have been raised by my study, nonetheless, it will attempt to provide a succinct introduction to each of the main points. Rationale I have chosen to research the Designing and Making aspect of Knowledge and Understanding of the World from the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000, 91). I have chosen this particular area of Learning because I feel that I have had limited experience of teaching Design and Technology at any point in the Primary age range, and as such wish to develop extend and develop my understanding through further research. The Foundation Stage Curriculum could be considered to be the basis for all other learning throughout a child’s life, and as such a thorough grounding in teaching and learning Knowledge and Understanding of the World, should provide a sound basis for teaching Design and Technology in other phases of the Primary school, as this quote demonstrates: ‘In this area of learning, children are developing the crucial knowledge,  skills and understanding that help them to make sense of the world. This  forms the foundation for later work in science, design and technology,  history, geography, and information and communication technology  (ICT).’ (DFES 2000, 82) In addition to the reason given above, I am also unsure how to best support a child as they develop designing and making skills at such a young age, with regard to providing them with a wide range of opportunities, yet taking health and safety into consideration. ‘Understanding design work will come from using a variety of joining methods and materials,’ (DFES 2000, 82), yet how should these methods be taught to best effect? It is also difficult to know which specific designing and making skills will be useful to the child, and what range of skills should be taught to the child. Should each child be taught a range of skills which are specific to them? My final reason for choosing to study this particular aspect of the Foundation Stage Curriculum has been derived from looking at the Ofsted Subject Reports for 1999-2000 (Ofsted 2000). ‘In one quarter of schools standards and the quality of DT have risen markedly since the previous inspection, but in one school in six DT provisions have deteriorated,’ (Ofsted 2000, 1), this shows that although the provision of design and technology has improved in a quarter of our primary schools, it has either stayed the same, or deteriorated badly in three quarters of primary settings. This would seem to support the assertion that the provision of good quality design and technology teaching and learning, should be of paramount importance to out schools, starting with facilitating children as they access the Knowledge and Understanding of the World portion of the Foundation Stage Curriculum. A solid base on which to build, as discussed above, should ensure that children are better place d to access the design and technology curriculum as they progress through school. Evidence The following is a summary of the evidence collected concerning the teaching of designing and making skills in the Foundation stage settings of two different Primary schools. The schools will henceforth be referred to as School A and School B. School A is a large Primary school with an integrated Foundation Unit. The majority of the staff in the Foundation Unit are ‘High/Scope’ trained and as such the setting follows the High/Scope daily routine, as outlined by Hohmann and Weikart (2002, 151-165). ‘In the High/Scope approach to early childhood education, adults and  children share control. We recognize that the power to learn resides  in the child, hence the focus on active learning practices. When we  accept that learning comes from within, we achieve a critical balance  in educating young children. The adult’s role is to support and guide  young children through their active learning adventures and  experiences. I believe this is what makes our program work so well.’ (Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 3) The above quote neatly summarises the main reasons which prompt different settings to adopt a High/Scope or ‘active learning,’ approach to the Foundation Stage Curriculum, the main idea being that children learn best from first hand experiences and from self-generated learning opportunities. This idea is further supported by the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, for instance, ‘they learn effectively by doing,’ (DFES 2000, 82). I observed a plan-do-review session, as part of the daily routine at School A. During such sessions the children choose where they wish to work, for example in the water area, and formulate a plan which they will execute once they start work in their chosen area. Following the main, ‘doing,’ part of the session the children are encouraged to ‘review,’ what they have done and comment on the relative success or failure of the plan. In this way the children are encouraged to learn from their mistakes, and also to gain encouragement from their successes, (Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 167-243). I observed one child during the aforementioned session, Child A, and followed her through the entire process. She had planned to work in the construction area with the large bricks, and had decided to build a boat. Before beginning work she collected a piece of paper and a pencil and sat down to plan her boat. Child A worked for some time on this design before starting work. She used the large bricks to build her boat and then started to collect other equipment from around the setting to place ‘onboard,’ including large quantities of plastic food from the role play area. When asked about this Child A explained that she was going on a long journey and needed to take lots of food with her. During review time Child A explained to the rest of her group and the adults who were present, that she felt she had successfully carried out her plan, however, she would have preferred to build a boat that would float. The class teacher explained to her that this might be possible in th e following plan-do-review session. Indeed for the following session, the teacher collected lots of materials, such as plastic bottles and corks to give Child A the scope to build her own floating boat: ‘When adults seek out and support children’s interests, children are free  to follow through on interests and activities they are already highly  motivated to pursue. They are also willing to try new things and to  build on what they are already doing.’ (Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 55) The evidence outlined above shows a good example of how children can be supported in developing their own designing and making skills, and indeed can be highly motivated to do so. Child A was given the opportunity to meet an early learning goal through the medium of play: ‘Provide opportunities for children to practise their skills, initiate and  plan simple projects and select, choose and devise their own solutions  in design and making processes†¦.’ (DFES 2000, 91) In School B, I was able to observe the teaching of designing and making skills in a completely different way to that outlined above. I observed a Reception teacher leading a planned lesson in which the aim was for each child to produce a money box. The children were taken in small groups to sit with a classroom assistant to make their money boxes, while the rest of the children played. The children were asked to assemble the net of a box, which had already been cut out for them, by gluing the flaps and sticking them together. They were then permitted to decorate their boxes as they chose. It was difficult to assess whether any true learning had taken place during the lesson as the children were all producing exactly the same piece of work, and in many cases much of the actual assembly work was carried out by the teaching assistant. School B does not appear to have embraced the key features of the Foundation Stage Curriculum as outlined by Tassoni (2002, 1) in Appendix I, as such the children are unlikely to meet the Early learning goals for designing and making skills, one of which is detailed above (DFES 2000, 91). They would benefit from developing a child initiated approach to teaching design and technology in the early years, as advocated by the High/Scope approach (Hohmann and Weikart 2002) and the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000). It is obvious from the evidence given that no real learning took place in the design and technology lesson which was observed in School B. Such a directed activity can leave no room for the child’s initiative and the development of their individual designing and making skills. Conclusion In conclusion, the evidence outlined above has led me to conclude that designing and making skills can be best taught through child initiated learning. The adult can support the child’s learning by providing further opportunities and materials once they have highlighted the child’s own interests. A directed approach to teaching design and technology in the Early Years does not follow the guidance given in the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000), and as such should have no place in our schools as it does nothing to further the children’s learning. I now feel more confident that I would know how to approach the teaching of designing and making skills if placed in a Foundation Stage setting. Appendix I ‘Key Features of the Foundation Stage: Recognition that young children need to learn through practical experiences rather than being taught. Play is emphasised as the vehicle of learning for children. The importance of working from children’s interests and needs is highlighted. It is the first curriculum in England to cross the divide between pre-schools and schools. Personal, social and emotional development of children is recognised as providing the backdrop for other learning. The role of parents is promoted as that of being an equal partner.’ (Tassoni 2002, 1) Bibliography DFES (2000) Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage London: Department for Education and Skills. Hohmann, Mary and Weikart, David P. (2002) Educating Young Children London: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation Ofsted (2000) Ofsted Subject Reports, 1999-2000: Primary Design and Technology (DT) London:Ofsted Tassoni, Penny (2002) Planning for the Foundation Stage: Ideas for themes and activities Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers

Decreasing Violence in America Essay -- Violence Media Crime Televisio

Decreasing Violence in America Today in St. Paul two people were murdered. It has been reported that the two were fighting with a third party about a phone call that was made. The suspect is in custody and the case is under investigation,† a reporter in the ten o’clock news reports. â€Å"Spouse and child abuse are on the rise. This year alone over ‘6 million men, women, and children were victims of severe physical attacks from their spouses or parents’(article 16)*,† another reporter reports. Is it just me or does this seem like something that is all too often heard on the news? The violent acts in the United States are out of control. But what can be done about it, and how much worse are things going to get? It seems to me that what is being done now isn’t enough, because things just keeps getting worse. There are twelve main things that have been being studied in depth lately by sociologists. They include: spanking, child abuse, spouse abuse, the punishment for the offenders, gun control, the media’s affect on violence, the role sports play in violence, the role religion plays in violence, pacifism, and international violence. My paper will discuss each of these aspects as well as my opinions and state some facts. Before I can say how I feel, I think there is a need to define violence, aggressiveness, and assertiveness and explain the difference between them. Violence is a physical act that intends to harm or hurt another person. Violence includes many things; such as, hitting, punching, biting, killing, stabbing, shoving, and so much more. Violence can be linked to two other words that have also become a part of every day life for many people; aggression and being assertive. Aggression is a hostile, or destructive act that is forceful. Aggression is usually related with someone being dominant. Being assertive is to stating something (i.e. your opinion) boldly. Both aggression and being assertive do not involve a physical force. Although these three words have different meanings, I think they very closely related. When a person is being assertive and not getting their way, or getting their point across, they can often become aggressive, and aggression often times leads to a violent act. This domino effect closely relates all these words. Violence, it has become something that society has to deal with every day now. â€Å"Much newspaper space is c... ...efend yourself or your team. What I do see a problem with is what sports figures do in their personal lives. When an athlete does something that is against the law they should lose the privilege of being a professional athlete. To get rid of international violence we need to have a peace conference where all the heads of the nations meet and work things out peacefully. I don’t really know what to predict when it comes to the future of the violence. It seems like whenever things seem to be looking up, something happens that makes the future of world peace look bleak. I think that if people start to care more and take action that things can change. We can no longer sit back and expect things to get better on their own. If any of my suggestions were to go into affect I think that a lot of the violence in America would decrease. I think the most important thing that needs to be done is outlawing of handguns. If this were to happen, I think the amount of violence acts would drop 50%. Unless this happens, violence will increase. Violence has become a problem that is way out of hand. Something needs to be done, and fast, or our once beautiful, peaceful country will go to ruins. Decreasing Violence in America Essay -- Violence Media Crime Televisio Decreasing Violence in America Today in St. Paul two people were murdered. It has been reported that the two were fighting with a third party about a phone call that was made. The suspect is in custody and the case is under investigation,† a reporter in the ten o’clock news reports. â€Å"Spouse and child abuse are on the rise. This year alone over ‘6 million men, women, and children were victims of severe physical attacks from their spouses or parents’(article 16)*,† another reporter reports. Is it just me or does this seem like something that is all too often heard on the news? The violent acts in the United States are out of control. But what can be done about it, and how much worse are things going to get? It seems to me that what is being done now isn’t enough, because things just keeps getting worse. There are twelve main things that have been being studied in depth lately by sociologists. They include: spanking, child abuse, spouse abuse, the punishment for the offenders, gun control, the media’s affect on violence, the role sports play in violence, the role religion plays in violence, pacifism, and international violence. My paper will discuss each of these aspects as well as my opinions and state some facts. Before I can say how I feel, I think there is a need to define violence, aggressiveness, and assertiveness and explain the difference between them. Violence is a physical act that intends to harm or hurt another person. Violence includes many things; such as, hitting, punching, biting, killing, stabbing, shoving, and so much more. Violence can be linked to two other words that have also become a part of every day life for many people; aggression and being assertive. Aggression is a hostile, or destructive act that is forceful. Aggression is usually related with someone being dominant. Being assertive is to stating something (i.e. your opinion) boldly. Both aggression and being assertive do not involve a physical force. Although these three words have different meanings, I think they very closely related. When a person is being assertive and not getting their way, or getting their point across, they can often become aggressive, and aggression often times leads to a violent act. This domino effect closely relates all these words. Violence, it has become something that society has to deal with every day now. â€Å"Much newspaper space is c... ...efend yourself or your team. What I do see a problem with is what sports figures do in their personal lives. When an athlete does something that is against the law they should lose the privilege of being a professional athlete. To get rid of international violence we need to have a peace conference where all the heads of the nations meet and work things out peacefully. I don’t really know what to predict when it comes to the future of the violence. It seems like whenever things seem to be looking up, something happens that makes the future of world peace look bleak. I think that if people start to care more and take action that things can change. We can no longer sit back and expect things to get better on their own. If any of my suggestions were to go into affect I think that a lot of the violence in America would decrease. I think the most important thing that needs to be done is outlawing of handguns. If this were to happen, I think the amount of violence acts would drop 50%. Unless this happens, violence will increase. Violence has become a problem that is way out of hand. Something needs to be done, and fast, or our once beautiful, peaceful country will go to ruins.

Machinery vs. Human Characteristics in Grapes of Wrath Essay

Humans and machinery have one major difference that sets them apart: emotions. Machines don’t feel emotions the way humans do , or have characteristics like humans. In chapter 5 of John Steinbeck’s The Grapes Of Wrath, Steinbeck is portraying a land owner giving the bad news to a tenant farmer that he is being kicked off his land, who does not take it lightly. Throughout the chapter , Steinbeck is depicting the idea that machinery is void of all human characteristics and emotions. As humans becomes less powerful in the time period of Steinbecks novel , machinery is taking over their jobs. â€Å"The tenant system won’t work anymore. One man on a tractor can take the place of twelve or fourteen families. Pay him a wage and take all the crop .† (Steinbeck 33) Technology affects everything more and more as the decades pass. With the progressing technological advantages , farming equipment has become cheaper and more easily attainable. Hiring one man for a job twenty people used to do, leaves the unemployment rate to skyrocket. The only thing affected by this was the people. As long as the bank got the money to continue to run it didn’t care whose home or land it took. â€Å"†¦..a bank or a company can’t do that, because those creatures don’t breathe air, don’t eat side-meat. They breathe profits; they eat the interest on money.† (Steinbeck 32) The bank is technology that was created by man , but not controlled by man any longer. Banks thrive on money because it’s the only way they stay in control. Just like tenant farmers eat meat and breathe , banks expand and live on interest money and profits of companies. As a machine , banks don’t have any emotional connection with humans which make the reader not have a personal connection like they would with a character. When Steinbeck continuously refers to the bank as â€Å"the monster† in the chapter, he sets up the readers mind to automatically disconnect and refrain from forming a liking to the machinery in the chapter. The human race has learned to control emotions and feelings throughout the decades of life. Machinery and technology are new advances society has yet to control oneself around. After the news came to the tenant farmer that his family would be kicked off their farm, the man who now took place of all the old farming families came to plow with his tractor. He was an old farmer of the land , who now was receiving three dollars a day to plow with the tractor. The man has no emotion toward his neighbors , he only spoke the words that he needed to feed his kids. When the man was given the opportunity to get pulled out of the failing farming market , he jumped at the chance. He had no control over what would be a better decision for his ex-fellow tenant farmers, for he would be plowing over their homes soon. The machinery got the farmer by the throat and tricked him into thinking he would be better off . Society often gets sucked into this fake world of technologies and machinery where we believe it’s all real and almost like a human life , but it’s not. â€Å"We all got to figure. There’s some way to stop this. It’s not like lightening or earthquakes. We’ve got a bad thing made by men, and by God that’s something we can change.† (Steinbeck 38) Men created the machinery that is potentially ruining the lives of hundreds of farmers, but the machinery is no longer run by men. Men lost control when the technologies became too powerful and society demanded more out of the creators. Machinery has no soul , or heart like a man does but it can still take control of people and situations due to the pure strength of it. Not like a natural disaster , machinery that men created take a lot more fight to take down. The machinery and technological advances of society had a way to take over and ruin the lives of humans. Devoid of all emotion and characteristics relating to humans , machinery affected many jobs, and lives of families in the decade depicted in Steinbeck’s novel . Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking, 1939. Print.

Jack Davis ( No Sugar Essay)

NO SUGAR (JACK DAVIS) Jack Davis’ â€Å"No Sugar†, written in 1985, is a play that highlights Australian racism and cultural destruction caused by British colonialism. It is set in 1929 (Great Depression) in Northam, Western Australia. The play explores the impacts of the European social and political philosophy of the early 20th century on Aboriginal society. The focal points of this play are the superiority of white people, racism, and the bond between Aboriginal families. These themes highlight Australian culture, and have shaped it into its many different forms for all Australian’s today.Jack Davis has used dialogue between the characters in this extract to privilege a postcolonial reading of the text. Davis uses dialogue in order to construct a world in which the aboriginal people can be identified to the audience as an ill-treated, oppressed race. Davis uses dialogue to represent how the colonized react to the social situations in which they were subjugated to, on a regular basis in the early times of colonization. â€Å"CISSIE: Aw mum, Old Tony the ding always sells us little shriveled ones and them wetjala kids big fat one. Through this dialogue the audience identifies that society at the time did not allow the colonized to be classed as the same standard as the colonizer. Davis lends this text to a postcolonial reading through the use of characterization. The use of characterization in the play reinforces the idea that the characters amplify a sort of submission to English culture displays to the audience the effect of colonization. Although the characters retain many of their aboriginal attributes, such as living off the land â€Å"Come on, let’s get these rabbits. They have allowed themselves and their culture to be colonized by accepting many of the British attributes such as playing cricket â€Å"DAVID and CISSIE play cricket with a home-made bat and ball. † The aboriginal people have allowed themselves to colon ized acquiring British aspects, which coincide with their aboriginal heritage. Through this extract the characters also begin to read the paper, the combination of the children playing cricket and the elder reading the paper appears from an outside point perspective a very British activity. Looking at the context, which surrounds the writing of the play, can also support a postcolonial reading.Another device used by Davis is stage directions principally used to invoke or create a rising dramatic tension, an example of this is â€Å"He nicks his finger with the axe and watches the blood drip to the ground. † This is symbolic of the Aboriginals manifesting frustration; they are inflicting pain on themselves because they know it isn’t possible to inflict pain on their conquerors. Jimmy’s character represents the rebellion of any marginalized race; he pushes the boundaries as far as he can. The fact that Aboriginals are â€Å"dancing† for the white Australian s shows their power.This dancing is a form of service provided by the Aboriginals, they are expressing their culture but to the people who have destroyed it. It could almost be read as a child trying to get an adults attention by jumping around and holding out what they want. To Jimmy these dancing Aboriginals are jumping around and showing the White Australians that they want their culture back. This reach out to white settlers shows how much more dominate they are and their culture is. Through the use of dramatic conventions Jack Davis’ play No Sugar can be read as a postcolonial criticism.It presents a number of issues with colonization and the particular effects it had on the Australian Aboriginal people. First performed in 1985, the play deals with the struggles of the aboriginal people and oppression in which they endured by white Australian society. The play was set in 1929, a time when aboriginal people were not yet accepted as equals in society. The main ideas presen ted in the play are shown through the dialogue, characters and context. This extract uses techniques to set the basis for the idea’s that will be expressed throughout the entire play.